Table of rechargeable battery technologies
|
Type
|
Voltagea
|
Energy densityb
|
Powerc
|
Effi.d
|
E/$e
|
Disch.f
|
Cyclesg
|
Lifeh
|
|
(V)
|
(MJ/kg)
|
(Wh/kg)
|
(Wh/L)
|
(W/kg)
|
(%)
|
(Wh/$)
|
(%/month)
|
(#)
|
(years)
|
|
Lead-acid
|
2.1
|
0.11-0.14
|
30-40
|
60-75
|
180
|
70%-92%
|
5-8
|
3%-4%
|
500-800
|
5-8 (car battery), 20 (stationary)
|
|
VRLAi
|
2.105
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Alkaline
|
1.5
|
0.31
|
85
|
250
|
50
|
99.9%
|
7.7
|
<0.3
|
100-1000
|
<5
|
|
Ni-iron
|
1.2
|
0.18
|
50
|
|
100
|
65%
|
5-7.3[4]
|
20%-40%
|
|
50+
|
|
Ni-cadmium
|
1.2
|
0.14-0.22
|
40-60
|
50-150
|
150
|
70%-90%
|
|
20%
|
1500
|
|
|
NIH2
|
1.5
|
|
75
|
|
|
|
|
|
20.000
|
15+
|
|
NiMH
|
1.2
|
0.11-0.29
|
30-80
|
140-300
|
250-1000
|
66%
|
1.37
|
20%
|
1000
|
|
|
Ni-zinc
|
1.7
|
0.22
|
60
|
170
|
900
|
|
2-3.3
|
|
100-500
|
|
|
Li ion
|
3.6
|
0.58
|
160
|
270
|
1800
|
99.9%
|
2.8-5[5]
|
5%-10%
|
1200
|
2-3
|
|
Li polymer
|
3.7
|
0.47-0.72
|
130-200
|
300
|
3000+
|
99.8%
|
2.8-5.0
|
|
500~1000
|
2-3
|
|
LiFePO4
|
3.25
|
|
80-120
|
170 [6]
|
1400
|
|
0.7-3.0
|
|
2000+[7]
|
|
|
Li sulfur[8]
|
2.0
|
0.94-1.44[9]
|
400[10]
|
350
|
|
|
|
|
~100
|
|
|
Li titanate
|
2.3
|
|
90
|
|
4000+
|
87-95%r
|
0.5-1.0[11]
|
|
9000+
|
20+
|
|
Thin film Li
|
?
|
|
|
350
|
959
|
?
|
?p[12]
|
|
40000
|
|
|
ZnBr
|
|
|
75-85
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
V redox
|
1.15-1.55
|
|
25-35[13]
|
|
|
80%[14]
|
|
20%[14]
|
14,000[15]
|
10(stationary)[14]
|
|
NaS
|
|
|
150
|
|
|
89%-92%
|
|
|
|
|
|
Molten salt
|
|
|
70-110[16]
|
|
150-220
|
|
4.54[17]
|
|
3000+
|
8+
|
|
Silver zinc (Ag-zinc)
|
1.86
|
|
130
|
240
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes
For brevity, entries in the table had to be abbreviated. For a full description, please refer to the individual article about each type.
- a Nominal cell voltage in V.
Graph of mass and volume energy densities of several secondary cells
- b Energy density = energy/weight or energy/size, given in three different units
- c Specific power = power/weight in W/kg
- d Charge/discharge efficiency in %
- e Energy/consumer price in W·h/US$ (approximately)
- j Safe Depth of Discharge to maintain lifecycles
- f Self-discharge rate in %/month
- g Cycle durability in number of cycles
- h Time durability in years
- i VRLA or recombinant includes gel batteries and absorbed glass mats
- p Pilot production
- r Depending upon charge rate
[edit] Common rechargeable battery types
Nickel-cadmium battery (NiCd)
Created by Waldemar Jungner of Sweden in 1899 which was based on Thomas Edison's first alkaline battery. Using nickel oxide hydroxide and metallic cadmium as electrodes. Cadmium is a toxic element, and was banned for most uses by the European Union in 2004. Nickel-cadmium batteries have been almost completely superseded by nickel-metal hydride batteries.
Nickel-metal hydride battery (NiMH)
First developed around 1980's. The battery has a hydrogen-absorbing alloy for the negative electrode instead of cadmium.
Lithium-ion battery
The technology behind lithium-ion battery has not yet fully reached maturity. However, the batteries are the type of choice in many consumer electronics and have one of the best energy-to-mass ratios and a very slow loss of charge when not in use. The popularity of lithium-ion batteries has spread as their technology continues to improve.
OEM production are welcome!
|
|
|
|
| Select Image |
 |
|
|
|
|
